Abstract: This article mainly introduces harmful dyes, extractable heavy metals, free formaldehyde, chlorophenols (PCP and TeCP), chlorine-containing organic carriers, insecticides, volatile substances and special odors, organic tin compounds (TBT) contained in textiles. / DBT) harmful substances and unacceptable pH and color fastness indicators on the human body.
Keywords: textiles; harmful substances; human body; harmful
Abstract: Inthispaper, theharmofhazardoussubstancestopeopleisdiscussedincludingharmfuldyes, heavymetalsofextract, freeformaldehyde, PCPandTeCP, organochlorine, carrier, pesticide, volatileorganiccompoundsandspecialsmell, TBT/DBTandsoon.Andbriefly, whenthepHandfastnessexceedthestandands, theinfluenceonpeopleareintroducedsimply.
Keywords:textilefabric;hazardoussubstances;humanbody;harmful
The so-called toxic and harmful substances in textiles refer to substances that may be harmful to humans under certain conditions during the process of wearing and using textiles. The harmfulness of these harmful substances to the human body may not be as immediate as that of food or drugs. It will only appear after a long time. The main harmful substances are the following:
1 harmful dye
1) Decomposable aromatic amine dyes. That is, banned azo dyes. Studies have shown that some azo dyes will restore certain aromatic amines that are carcinogenic to humans or animals under certain conditions. In fact, azo dyes are not carcinogenic themselves. There are about 2000 kinds of synthetic dyes circulated on the market. About 70% of them are azo-based dyes that are suspected of being able to reduce the carcinogenic aromatic amines. There are only about 210 pigments and non-azo dyes. In addition, some dyes do not have carcinogenic aromatic amines in their chemical structure, but incomplete separation of intermediates in the synthesis process or incomplete separation of impurities and by-products can also be detected as carcinogenic aromatic amines. In long-term contact with the human body, dyes in textiles may be absorbed by the skin and spread in the body. Under the normal metabolic conditions of the human body, these dyes may undergo a reduction reaction to decompose carcinogenic aromatic amines and alter the structure of DNA through the activation of the human body, causing lesions in the human body and inducing cancer [1-2].
2) Carcinogenic dyes. Carcinogenic dyes are dyes that can induce cancers in humans without chemical changes such as reduction. At present, there are 11 known cancer-causing dyes, but only 7 are included in the monitoring of ecological textiles. Carcinogenic dyes are absolutely prohibited on textiles.
3) Acute toxicity dyes. Such dyes are very harmful to humans. When accumulated in human body reaches a certain amount, they can undergo biochemical or biophysical changes with body fluids and tissues, disrupt or destroy the normal physiological functions of the body, causing temporary or permanent Pathological conditions are even life-threatening. Acute toxicity dyes with a median lethal dose of LD50 <100mg/kg for humans or animals are: Basic Yellow 21, Basic Red 12, Basic Violet 16, Basic Blue 3, Basic Blue 7, Basic Blue 81, Alkaline Orange 156, Basic Orange 165, Direct Orange 62, Ice Stain 20, Ice Stain 24, Ice Stain 41 and Ingrain Blue 2:2 [3].
4) Environmental hormones. It is a class of chemical substances that are extremely harmful to human health and ecological environment. It can seriously disturb the endocrine secretion of humans and animals and cause abnormalities in the endocrine system. It is also called endocrine disrupting substances. They also bind to hormone receptors and cause the decrease of hormones in the blood, or the atrophy of the testes, resulting in human genetic and Variations in the ability to reproduce wild animals, etc.
5) Sensitization dyes. Allergy dyes are dyes that are allergic and irritating to the skin. These dyes migrate from the fabric to the skin and are prone to cause allergic reactions.
2 extractable heavy metals
Some heavy metals are indispensable for life, but excessive concentrations can be harmful to humans. Moreover, the cumulative toxicity of heavy metals on the human body is also very serious. Once it is absorbed excessively by the human body, it will accumulate in the liver, bones, kidneys, heart and brain. When it accumulates to a certain extent, it will cause irreversible damage to health. Heavy metals can also seriously damage a person's nervous system. The harm of heavy metals is particularly serious for children, because children's absorption of heavy metals is much higher than that of adults.
The heavy metals in textiles come from the following aspects: Natural plant fibers are absorbed from the soil or air during the growth process; metal complex dyes are used; heavy metals are used in the auxiliaries used in printing and dyeing processes. The use of metal complex dyes is an important source of heavy metals in textiles. In fact, most of the heavy metals that textiles may contain are in a non-free state and harmless to the human body. The so-called extractable heavy metals are extracted from artificial skin sweat by imitating the human skin surface environment. The extracted heavy metals can be extracted by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) or (colorimetric) spectrophotometry. Photometry for quantitative analysis [4].
3 free formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is widely used as a reagent and its main purpose is to increase the durability of the auxiliaries on fabrics. As a commonly used associative agent for cellulose fiber resin finishing, formaldehyde is widely used in purely spun or blended products (including some silk products). Formaldehyde binds to proteins in the body, alters the structure of the protein and coagulates it; it also produces strong irritation to the respiratory tract and skin, triggers respiratory inflammation and dermatitis; it is also an initiator of multiple allergies. Although there is no direct evidence, there are reports that formaldehyde may induce cancer. In the process of wearing or using formaldehyde-containing textiles, some of the free formaldehyde that is not cross-linked or hydrolyzed will be released, which will cause damage to human health. National regulations or standards impose strict restrictions on the free formaldehyde content of products.[5] ].
4 Chlorophenol
Phenolic compounds have a wide range of uses in the chemical industry but they are very toxic. The preservatives used in textiles are mainly pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol (TeCP). Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a traditional anti-mildew antiseptic used in textiles, leather products, wood, and pulp. Animal experiments show that PCP is a toxic substance that is teratogenic and carcinogenic to the human body. PCP is very stable, has a long natural degradation process, is harmful to the environment, and is therefore severely restricted in textiles and leather products. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) is a by-product of the synthesis of PCP and is equally harmful to humans and the environment [6].
5 chlorine-containing organic carrier
Polyester fibers are dyed using the carrier method at normal temperature and pressure. The organochlorine carriers used in this method are all toxic substances and are prohibited from use. These organochlorine carriers mainly include monochloro phenyl phenol, methyl dichloro phenoxy acetate, dichlorobenzene and trichlorobenzene. Studies have shown that these chlorine-containing aromatic compounds are harmful to the environment and are potentially teratogenic and carcinogenic to the human body. The latest eco-textiles standards include chlorobenzene (including monochloro-o-phenylphenol, methyl dichlorophenoxyacetate, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, etc.) in the scope of surveillance [7].
6 Pesticides
Natural fibers such as cotton and hemp fibers are commonly used as insecticides in the growth process to prevent insect pests. Animal fibers also have residual agricultural and veterinary drugs. Although the toxicity varies, they are easily absorbed by the skin. Although most pesticides will be removed during the processing of textiles, there may still be some residues. Twenty-two types of pesticides have been identified and may cause harm to humans. Therefore, residual pesticides in textiles must be strictly controlled [5].
7 Volatile substances and special odors
Any odor that has nothing to do with the product or that is related to the product but is too concentrated (such as musty, odor, fishy or other odors) indicates that there are excessive chemical residues on the textile and may cause health hazards. The most prominent special odors are the scent of oil on paint printing fabrics, the smell of fish in resin finishing textiles, the solvent odor of coated fabrics, the odor of hydrocarbons and acrylic esters in paint printing pastes, and certain functional finishings such as Flame-retardant finishing, formaldehyde-free burn finishing odor and so on.
8 Organic Tin Compounds (TBT/DBT)
Organic tin compounds are mainly used as preservatives and plasticizers in the production of textiles. It can destroy the body's immune system and hormonal systems.
9 other harmful substances
In the process of dyeing and finishing textiles, a variety of dyes and finishing agents are required. These substances are prone to high or low pH values ​​after processing, and the appropriate pH of the human skin is weakly acidic and the pH is too high. Too low will cause skin irritation and cause dermatitis and other diseases [8]. The color fastness itself is not a toxic factor, but human sweat and saliva enzymes can promote the decomposition of the dye. The decomposition of the dye absorbed by the body can cause harm to human health. Therefore, the standard GB/T18885-2009 "Technical Requirements for Eco-textiles" applies water stains, perspiration (acid/alkaline), abrasion resistance (dry/wet) and saliva (for infants and young children only, because infants like to suck and chew clothes , easy to absorb harmful substances through saliva) four color fastness indicators as monitoring content.
In summary, there may be many toxic and hazardous substances in textiles, and adequate attention should be paid to the safety of clothing. Textile manufacturers should increase the research and development of ecological textiles and develop functional textiles that are beneficial to the human body. Testing agencies should also keep up with the needs of the times, improve the quality of personnel and testing, and provide reliable inspection data for manufacturers and consumers.
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